Eiffel Tower (French: Tour Eiffel) is an iron tower has a height of 324 meters, there are in Paris, in the far north-west of the park Champ-de-Mar, near the River Seine. Created by Gustave Eiffel and his aides on the occasion of the International Exhibition of Paris in 1889, and was named tower 300 meters in the opening, it has become this origin symbol of the French capital, a tourist site first: It represents the ninth site French most visited in 2006, and is also the first teacher in terms of the number of visitors ; where the number of visitors reached 6,893 million visitors in the year 2007 who is taller 313.2 meters, remained the Eiffel Tower for a period of 41 years teacher highest in the world. Height has been increased several times install many antennas, to a height of 327 meters since 8 March 2011 used in the past in many scientific experiments, and is used today in the broadcast television and radio programs.
Description tower floor by floor [edit]
The information below describes the main technical data in each stage, and the main attractions available to visitors.
Basis [edit]
Eiffel 00.png
Tower occupies an area of 125 square meters along the rib, according to the terms of a contract and has a height of 1886 with 116 antenna 324 meters. The tower is located at the level of 33.5 meters above sea level.
Foundations stent [edit]
Technical data [edit]
The two pillars at the point of military school relies on a layer of concrete from two meters, which in turn is based on a bed of gravel with a total of 7 meters of drilling. The two pillars toward the Seine River are located below the level of the river. Workers work in a large metal boxes were sealed by the air pressure.
16 block of the foundation blocks supports 16 curved wooden keel to 54 degrees on the ground, which form the edges of the four pillars. Screws huge length of 7.80 meters prove spoke of molten iron, which includes anti-braking of molded steel. Where he works on the support beams. During construction, placed between the brake lever hydraulic braking and anti-skid, allowing the creation of some centimeters to one over the other, and perhaps to correct the iron bonds that regulate Vsanha. This device, was added to the fund sand box for the column that supports the temporary upper part of the wooden beams duration of action, allowing foreman lifting to achieve fundamental changes, especially when the link between the four pillars with horizontal crossbar of the first floor.
Depending on the accounts of Engineers, the pressure on the top of the stone Missned pillar that the size of the Chateau London, directly under the Multi brakes equal to 18.70 kg / cm 2, taking into account at the same time the weight of the tower and wind. Pressure is applied to the concrete foundations on the ground, consisting of sand and gravel, does not exceed 4.5 to 5.3 kg / cm 2 depending on the columns.
Building codes [edit]
Square March from the south-east towards the north-west, each pillar of the four pillars oriented direction of the four cardinal directions. The foundations of the four pillars protected in the rules of building a square 25 meters on each side and 4 meters high, which is composed of a metal structure and industrial stones and built of reinforced concrete. It was the completion of the September 28, 1888 to 4 January 1889. Nowadays, fund buying tickets occupies the northern and western pillars, elevators are available from the eastern and western pillars. Stairs (open to the public up to the second floor, and containing in the House of Commons on the [[1665 market to the very top) are available near the eastern substrate. Finally, South substrate containing ladders private, reserved for dignitaries and customers gourmet restaurant Jules Verne, located on the second floor.
Brackets [edit]
Stretched between each column of four columns, the columns rises 39 meters above the ground is equal to 74 meters in diameter. Although the rich ornamentation on blueprints [to Heri Biloud Harry Bellod, which is less decoration in the present day. Its aim is merely decorative.
Construction of the tower [edit]
First, expect Gustave Eiffel (former engineer and professor at the Engineering iron) to be a period of about 12 months of achievement; but in fact it was to wait twice as long. The construction phase, which began on 28 January, finally ended in March 1889, before the opening of the World Expo. In the workshop, did not exceed the number of workers never 250 workers. Because a large part of the work done outside the workshop, in factories company Eiffel Blevaloa Perry. Also, among 2500000 Rivet (rivets) it contains the tower, only 1,050,846 were in the workshop industry, and this is what approves 42% of total. Most of the elements brought together in a factory for Alo Perry, in the ground, by a piece of 5 meters, strapped screws temporarily, and then permanently replaced Berchamat subject to high temperatures.
Industry and assembled the pieces were not a stroke of luck. We have 50 engineers conducted a two-year 5300 fee for each or both for each part, and every piece of her pieces 18038 rail designed descriptive. In the workshop, and in the first time, workers began building the foundations of the construction of a huge concrete and which is based on the four pillars of the said. This allowed to reduce the pressure on the ground, where the pressure is not practiced only pay a small force is estimated at 4, 5 kg / cm2 at the level of its rules.
Lifting the metal part began exactly at 1 January 1887. Men charged with the lifting of this section (Meccano) huge named soldiers (voltigeurs). It was managed by John Bannon com. Up to 30 meters high, the process of lifting the pieces are made with the help of cranes and wedge installed in the way of the elevator. Between 30 and 45 meters high, erected scaffolding (échafaudages) of wood. What overtook the 45 meters high, it was necessary to build a scaffolding erected a new, air-conditioned with 70 tons of bridges that have been used in the construction of the first floor. Achieved this link without any hindrance mentioned in the December 7, 1887 and became the use of scaffolding erected temporary unavailing, where it replaced the first surface of the first (57 meters), and then, from August 1888, replaced by the second surface (115 meters).
The first floor [edit]
Eiffel 01.png
Located just 57 meters from the Earth's surface, an area of about 4200 square meters, can withstand the presence of about 3,000 people at once. Compartment surrounded by a circular shape on the first floor allows visualization of Paris in the field of 360 °. Permeate the exhibition several routing tables and telescopes to observe the views of Paris. Started in the outer face in letters of gold the names of seventy-two scientific figure in the 18th and 19th centuries (the French lived between 1789 and 1889).
It features the first floor of the Eiffel Tower Restaurant 58, which extends on two levels. This provides on the one hand, a beautiful panoramic view of Paris and another viewpoint view inside the tower. We can see some of the effects associated with the history of the Eiffel Tower, especially a piece of spiral staircases that ascend, originally, to the very top. The process of dismantling the peace in 1986, at a critical stage of renovation of the tower. Then to section 22 pieces, including 21 pieces sold at auction, and bought some Americans, mostly amateur compilation effects. Finally, note the movement of the top of the tower allows wiggle draw tower under the influence of wind and thermal expansion. Gastav Eiffel Gustave Eiffel suppose the possibility of the possibility of the tower over the vibration up to 70 centimeters, and this is what was not, in fact, because in fact at the heart of [the summer of 1976, the extent of the vibration was from 18 centimeters to 13 centimeters when endowed whirlwind December 1999 (winds of 240 km / h). However, I have Peter and Simon Simon Pierrat et Pierre Affaticati term problem merged in 1982 where some of the material from the vehicle tires .. connected to a special feature of the tower is that "escape from the sun." In fact, the heat (and thus expand the steel) is more in the sunny side, and Summit drift slightly to the contrary.
The second floor [edit]
Eiffel 02.png
There are just 115 meters from the ground, an area of 1650 square meters Zimbra, can carry about 1,600 people at once. On this floor are the vision of high quality, and be optimized high compared with buildings below (on the third floor be less vision) and the perspective of the public (not necessarily more limited on the first floor). When the fact that the weather net can reach the limits of visibility to 55 kilometers southward 0.60 to the north 0.65 to the east and 70 to the west.
John Lu Verne restaurant is famous gourmet restaurant with a capacity of 95 seats, and the granting of a famous star by guiding the Michelin guide Michelin, for 20/16 and three hoods in Gault Gault Millau. He has managed the restaurant Alain Ducasse team le groupe d'Alain Ducasse and reopened its doors at the end of December 2007 after 120 days of work, coordinated by Patrick Gwen Patrick Jouin. Boss, [[Pascal Terod, and assisted in Tdaoma Thirty chef and server (there are totally 90 people employed), seven days on seven. Electric elevator "special" (also used by repairers tower), leads directly to the South Pier platform area of 500 square meters, and 123 meters high precisely. Customers come from far away, booked by them covers for a long time, for a month of the day and night for three months.
The third floor [edit]
Eiffel 03.png
Located at an altitude of 275 meters from the ground level, an area estimated at 350 square meters, can withstand the presence of 400 people at the same time. Access is only available through the elevator (the stairs are not allowed to the public from the second floor) and overlooks the closed space punctuated by directing some of the paintings. To rise more, the visitor arrives to external platform, called Ahaana- Khto- the fourth floor.
This can be in the floor Note rebuild waxworks show Gustave Eiffel Gustave Eiffel receives Thomas Edison Thomas Edison and which promotes the idea that Gustave Eiffel used this place as an office. The historical truth is different. In fact, this place was busy by laboratory monitoring of air, before being Veraa Gustav Gustave Ferrié years in 1910 about his experiences wireless telegraph télégraphie sans fil (TSF).
In the upper part of the tower, proved column for television broadcast in 1957, then was completed in 1959 to cover the nearly 10 million home broadcasts. In January 17, 2005, was completed achievement, with the transmitter, digital terrestrial television first French TNT français, bringing the number to 116 antenna for broadcast television and radio broadcasts. Add 116 antenna which has led to increase the height of the tower from 324 meters to 325 meters and 327 meters in the March 8, 2011.
Climb to the summit [edit]
There are stairs in the tower containing 1,665 degrees, though generally only allowed to use them until the second round. Therefore, Reaching the summit is by using one of the elevators in this role. The Haman Almusaadan about 100 flights a day to and from the summit; any trip at a rate of almost 8 minutes each.
Height [edit]
Total height of the tower construction time of 300 meters (984 feet), and then added to it in the same year, Ensign, reaching a height of 312 meters (1024 feet), but after the addition of the private broadcasting antenna at the helm, has become the total height of the tower 324 meters (1063 feet), is considered one of the tallest towers in the world.
Levels of the tower [edit]
First floor: 57.63 meters (189 feet)
Second Floor: 115.75 meters (380 feet)
Third round: 276.13 meters (905.94 feet)
Overall height (antenna): 324 meters (2009 feet)
Description tower floor by floor [edit]
The information below describes the main technical data in each stage, and the main attractions available to visitors.
Basis [edit]
Eiffel 00.png
Tower occupies an area of 125 square meters along the rib, according to the terms of a contract and has a height of 1886 with 116 antenna 324 meters. The tower is located at the level of 33.5 meters above sea level.
Foundations stent [edit]
Technical data [edit]
The two pillars at the point of military school relies on a layer of concrete from two meters, which in turn is based on a bed of gravel with a total of 7 meters of drilling. The two pillars toward the Seine River are located below the level of the river. Workers work in a large metal boxes were sealed by the air pressure.
16 block of the foundation blocks supports 16 curved wooden keel to 54 degrees on the ground, which form the edges of the four pillars. Screws huge length of 7.80 meters prove spoke of molten iron, which includes anti-braking of molded steel. Where he works on the support beams. During construction, placed between the brake lever hydraulic braking and anti-skid, allowing the creation of some centimeters to one over the other, and perhaps to correct the iron bonds that regulate Vsanha. This device, was added to the fund sand box for the column that supports the temporary upper part of the wooden beams duration of action, allowing foreman lifting to achieve fundamental changes, especially when the link between the four pillars with horizontal crossbar of the first floor.
Depending on the accounts of Engineers, the pressure on the top of the stone Missned pillar that the size of the Chateau London, directly under the Multi brakes equal to 18.70 kg / cm 2, taking into account at the same time the weight of the tower and wind. Pressure is applied to the concrete foundations on the ground, consisting of sand and gravel, does not exceed 4.5 to 5.3 kg / cm 2 depending on the columns.
Building codes [edit]
Square March from the south-east towards the north-west, each pillar of the four pillars oriented direction of the four cardinal directions. The foundations of the four pillars protected in the rules of building a square 25 meters on each side and 4 meters high, which is composed of a metal structure and industrial stones and built of reinforced concrete. It was the completion of the September 28, 1888 to 4 January 1889. Nowadays, fund buying tickets occupies the northern and western pillars, elevators are available from the eastern and western pillars. Stairs (open to the public up to the second floor, and containing in the House of Commons on the [[1665 market to the very top) are available near the eastern substrate. Finally, South substrate containing ladders private, reserved for dignitaries and customers gourmet restaurant Jules Verne, located on the second floor.
Brackets [edit]
Stretched between each column of four columns, the columns rises 39 meters above the ground is equal to 74 meters in diameter. Although the rich ornamentation on blueprints [to Heri Biloud Harry Bellod, which is less decoration in the present day. Its aim is merely decorative.
Construction of the tower [edit]
First, expect Gustave Eiffel (former engineer and professor at the Engineering iron) to be a period of about 12 months of achievement; but in fact it was to wait twice as long. The construction phase, which began on 28 January, finally ended in March 1889, before the opening of the World Expo. In the workshop, did not exceed the number of workers never 250 workers. Because a large part of the work done outside the workshop, in factories company Eiffel Blevaloa Perry. Also, among 2500000 Rivet (rivets) it contains the tower, only 1,050,846 were in the workshop industry, and this is what approves 42% of total. Most of the elements brought together in a factory for Alo Perry, in the ground, by a piece of 5 meters, strapped screws temporarily, and then permanently replaced Berchamat subject to high temperatures.
Industry and assembled the pieces were not a stroke of luck. We have 50 engineers conducted a two-year 5300 fee for each or both for each part, and every piece of her pieces 18038 rail designed descriptive. In the workshop, and in the first time, workers began building the foundations of the construction of a huge concrete and which is based on the four pillars of the said. This allowed to reduce the pressure on the ground, where the pressure is not practiced only pay a small force is estimated at 4, 5 kg / cm2 at the level of its rules.
Lifting the metal part began exactly at 1 January 1887. Men charged with the lifting of this section (Meccano) huge named soldiers (voltigeurs). It was managed by John Bannon com. Up to 30 meters high, the process of lifting the pieces are made with the help of cranes and wedge installed in the way of the elevator. Between 30 and 45 meters high, erected scaffolding (échafaudages) of wood. What overtook the 45 meters high, it was necessary to build a scaffolding erected a new, air-conditioned with 70 tons of bridges that have been used in the construction of the first floor. Achieved this link without any hindrance mentioned in the December 7, 1887 and became the use of scaffolding erected temporary unavailing, where it replaced the first surface of the first (57 meters), and then, from August 1888, replaced by the second surface (115 meters).
The first floor [edit]
Eiffel 01.png
Located just 57 meters from the Earth's surface, an area of about 4200 square meters, can withstand the presence of about 3,000 people at once. Compartment surrounded by a circular shape on the first floor allows visualization of Paris in the field of 360 °. Permeate the exhibition several routing tables and telescopes to observe the views of Paris. Started in the outer face in letters of gold the names of seventy-two scientific figure in the 18th and 19th centuries (the French lived between 1789 and 1889).
It features the first floor of the Eiffel Tower Restaurant 58, which extends on two levels. This provides on the one hand, a beautiful panoramic view of Paris and another viewpoint view inside the tower. We can see some of the effects associated with the history of the Eiffel Tower, especially a piece of spiral staircases that ascend, originally, to the very top. The process of dismantling the peace in 1986, at a critical stage of renovation of the tower. Then to section 22 pieces, including 21 pieces sold at auction, and bought some Americans, mostly amateur compilation effects. Finally, note the movement of the top of the tower allows wiggle draw tower under the influence of wind and thermal expansion. Gastav Eiffel Gustave Eiffel suppose the possibility of the possibility of the tower over the vibration up to 70 centimeters, and this is what was not, in fact, because in fact at the heart of [the summer of 1976, the extent of the vibration was from 18 centimeters to 13 centimeters when endowed whirlwind December 1999 (winds of 240 km / h). However, I have Peter and Simon Simon Pierrat et Pierre Affaticati term problem merged in 1982 where some of the material from the vehicle tires .. connected to a special feature of the tower is that "escape from the sun." In fact, the heat (and thus expand the steel) is more in the sunny side, and Summit drift slightly to the contrary.
The second floor [edit]
Eiffel 02.png
There are just 115 meters from the ground, an area of 1650 square meters Zimbra, can carry about 1,600 people at once. On this floor are the vision of high quality, and be optimized high compared with buildings below (on the third floor be less vision) and the perspective of the public (not necessarily more limited on the first floor). When the fact that the weather net can reach the limits of visibility to 55 kilometers southward 0.60 to the north 0.65 to the east and 70 to the west.
John Lu Verne restaurant is famous gourmet restaurant with a capacity of 95 seats, and the granting of a famous star by guiding the Michelin guide Michelin, for 20/16 and three hoods in Gault Gault Millau. He has managed the restaurant Alain Ducasse team le groupe d'Alain Ducasse and reopened its doors at the end of December 2007 after 120 days of work, coordinated by Patrick Gwen Patrick Jouin. Boss, [[Pascal Terod, and assisted in Tdaoma Thirty chef and server (there are totally 90 people employed), seven days on seven. Electric elevator "special" (also used by repairers tower), leads directly to the South Pier platform area of 500 square meters, and 123 meters high precisely. Customers come from far away, booked by them covers for a long time, for a month of the day and night for three months.
The third floor [edit]
Eiffel 03.png
Located at an altitude of 275 meters from the ground level, an area estimated at 350 square meters, can withstand the presence of 400 people at the same time. Access is only available through the elevator (the stairs are not allowed to the public from the second floor) and overlooks the closed space punctuated by directing some of the paintings. To rise more, the visitor arrives to external platform, called Ahaana- Khto- the fourth floor.
This can be in the floor Note rebuild waxworks show Gustave Eiffel Gustave Eiffel receives Thomas Edison Thomas Edison and which promotes the idea that Gustave Eiffel used this place as an office. The historical truth is different. In fact, this place was busy by laboratory monitoring of air, before being Veraa Gustav Gustave Ferrié years in 1910 about his experiences wireless telegraph télégraphie sans fil (TSF).
In the upper part of the tower, proved column for television broadcast in 1957, then was completed in 1959 to cover the nearly 10 million home broadcasts. In January 17, 2005, was completed achievement, with the transmitter, digital terrestrial television first French TNT français, bringing the number to 116 antenna for broadcast television and radio broadcasts. Add 116 antenna which has led to increase the height of the tower from 324 meters to 325 meters and 327 meters in the March 8, 2011.
Climb to the summit [edit]
There are stairs in the tower containing 1,665 degrees, though generally only allowed to use them until the second round. Therefore, Reaching the summit is by using one of the elevators in this role. The Haman Almusaadan about 100 flights a day to and from the summit; any trip at a rate of almost 8 minutes each.
Height [edit]
Total height of the tower construction time of 300 meters (984 feet), and then added to it in the same year, Ensign, reaching a height of 312 meters (1024 feet), but after the addition of the private broadcasting antenna at the helm, has become the total height of the tower 324 meters (1063 feet), is considered one of the tallest towers in the world.
Levels of the tower [edit]
First floor: 57.63 meters (189 feet)
Second Floor: 115.75 meters (380 feet)
Third round: 276.13 meters (905.94 feet)
Overall height (antenna): 324 meters (2009 feet)
Sources and references :
- ttp://www.tour-eiffel.fr/teiffel/uk/documentation/chiffres/page/identite.html?id=4_14
- http://www.tour-eiffel.fr/teiffel/uk/documentation/dossiers/index.html?id=4_12
- http://www.tour-eiffel.fr/teiffel/uk/documentation/structure/page/structure.html?id=4_13
- http://www.tour-eiffel.fr/teiffel/uk/documentation/structure/page/chronologie.html
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